The southerners were afraid to do it because they didn’t trust the slaves not to turn on them and kill them if they were armed. So, how could the Athenians have their way, you may ask. What a lot of baloney; forget about it. No Peloponnesians. It’s really extraordinary that we all sit still for that kind of thing. Since elected office conferred prestige, elected officials were carefully controlled, rather, lest they should undermine the rule of the people. Theater of Dionysus in Athens / Wikimedia Commons. “It is the day of an assembly and already morning, but the Pnyx is deserted. I think if we think of them as being about fifteen years old we’ll probably have a reasonable average. To carry this forward, they all swore oaths; that’s their form of signing treaties. Finally, the case went to the jury, which, of course, received no charge or instruction since there was no judge to tell them what they had to think about and what possibilities were available. We never hear about piracy anymore; piracy was a problem that the states in the Mediterranean in general suffered from a lot and at different times very, very seriously. If you imagine if you could wrap up Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin and make him one person after Second World War you might have something like Themistocles did. It was this politically equal, individualistic law abiding, and tolerant understanding of the democracy that Pericles had done so much to create and to which he could appeal, and point with pride confident that his fellow citizens shared his views. He said, “your great glory is not to fall short of your natural character and the greatest glory of women is to be least talked about by men, whether for good or ill.” Okay, that’s what they thought. Ruins at the island of Naxs / Wikimedia Commons. His rule and reforms, which lasted until 502, would create Athenian democracy. The Athenians had established a colony at a place on the Strymon River up in that region called ennea-hodoi, the nine roads, which would later, when the Athenians established it as the colony would be called Amphipolis. They did use slaves, as I’ve told you earlier, to work on the farms alongside the farmers. But if there is much to learn from the similarities, there’s at least as much to learn from the differences between the Athenians and ourselves. So there was the Battle of Eurymedon, which is generally dated to 469, a great victory at land and sea over the Persians and the feeling that it generated, certainly in some portions of the empire, that the threat from Persia was over, and that created the problem of keeping the allies satisfied and willing to make the kind of contribution that had been necessary. That assertion stopped action on the proposal or suspended its enactment, if it had already been passed. I think that we ought to think a little bit longer before we assume our system is the only way one can think about conducting a democracy. And it is to be a perpetual league, as we know, because as late as 461, I guess, when there is a conflict between Athens and Sparta, the Athenians, in fact, withdraw from their alliance with the Greeks under Spartan rule. In this respect, as in all others, the council was the servant of the assembly. If you think of him rising to the top as early as 479 when the war is over and then we know that his period of political success in Athens ends in the year 462; that’s a seventeen-year stretch, which is a very, very long time for a politician to continue to be the leading figure in the state in Athens. Think of how happy that would make Shakespeare. We hear that the island of Naxos — this seems to be an island full of trouble. What exactly is a democracy? The main sources of slaves were war captives and the captives of pirates, who made a living in large part by catching people and selling them as slaves, and of course those people at first enslaved through war piracy or other means, who were sold by slave traders. The. It was inhabited by non-Greek peoples who made their living out of piracy. In Sparta, my slave would be afraid of you but there in Athens, if your slave is afraid of me, he will probably spend some of his own to free himself from danger.”. They could not vote, they could not take part in the political assemblies, they could not hold public office, or take any direct part in politics. As a result, there is much criticism of judges and lawyers, and a loss of faith in general in the legal system. It is to be a typical Greek alliance. Athens, which had the lion’s share of the power, had only one vote. That question assumes the answer is that Athenian democracy did fail. On each occasion, the full democracy was restored without turmoil, without class warfare, without killings or exiles or revenge, without confiscating the property of anybody. So, I think we have to imagine slaves moved about Athens with a degree of ease and security and as must rightly be saying you really couldn’t tell a slave from a free man very readily in ancient Athens. Individual pages signify the copyright for the content on that page. In 508 B.C., Athens became one of the first societies in ancient times to establish democracy. It turned out he was unbeatable in politics and it was a little bit like that in the case of Cimon. Chance of snow 70%.. Tonight Over the course of 24 engaging lectures, Professor Robert Garland of Colgate University unpacks the development of Athenian democracy, going inside the assemblies and courts to reveal how citizen rule worked—and where it came up short. If the plaintiff did not win a stated percentage of the jurors’ votes, then he was required to pay a considerable fine. An even graver charge has been leveled through the ages against the kind of democracy promoted by Pericles. One is the islands of the Aegean Sea, and we have knowledge of twenty towns that are members from the islands. That wasn’t going to be permitted. Athenians were in no mood to have their views shaken up. To the contrary, ancient Athens was a place of public opulence and … I’m reminded of the same political phenomenon in America in the case of Eisenhower. You know, I know it’s your own business but we don’t think that’s a good idea, because if the Persians come again they could use your walled city as a base against us. He wanted to say it was not a tyranny, it was not a monarchy, it was a republic as it had always been and, I Augustus, as the leading citizen in the eyes of my fellow Romans am able persuade them to do these things, not because they have to, but because they want to. If a citizen w… That was not Themistocles problem, Themistocles ran into trouble because he was a kind of a maverick in Athenian politics anyway, although on at least on one side of his family he was a nobleman like the typical Athenian leader. Then there is the terrifying and powerful Medea of Euripides, who negotiates with kings and can commit horrible deeds in her fury, which I think Euripides suggests is very justified fury, even if the deed is not. There was an election, almost immediately after the war, and Churchill was thrown out and replaced by his opponents, which tells you about the first rule of democratic politics, the first important question that has to be put to all politicians which is, what have you done for me lately? Why not? Nicias, a wealthy Athenian of fifth century B.C., owned a thousand slaves, whom he rented to a mining contractor for a profit. That’s the way things were working in the Greek League against Persia. So, they control the straits, he defeats the Persians and so on, but in the process he makes enemies among the Greeks. The Greeks refer to these people as Medizers. This is not the kind of a woman that Pericles had in mind when he said, just shut up and be sure nobody’s talking about you. Wall around the Acropolis / Wikimedia Commons. They don’t sign treaties they swear oaths. Unprecedented, flawed, relevant to our time, and captivating in its own right, the story of On occasion, these rebellions succeeded and a monarchy system was … They were not thwarted by the complexities of representative government by checks and balances, by the machinations of unscrupulous lobbyists, or manipulated by the irresistible deceptions of mass media. The Athenians are a walled city, and they have declared that whatever their formal, technical relationship with Sparta might be under the Hellenic League, the fact is they are independent players and they’re going to do things as they see fit. A good loud voice was really a terrific asset for an Athenian politician. Probably, I would argue, more enlightened and sophisticated than any comparable group in history. But these things don’t always happen that way. The Spartans didn’t do a thing about it in those early years. Plutarch tells the tale of Aristides, who was in command of the Athenian fleet there off Asia Minor at the time. That’s all in the future. Let me just remind you that in the decade before 500, if we go back to the Cleisthenic world, the Greeks who lived in the city state called Athens established the world’s first democratic constitution. One of the consequences of the first Persian War was a division within the Greek world that was in part based upon the fact that Athens had come on in that war to become a great power and by anybody’s reckoning had played one of the leading roles in the victory. Now Sparta, as you’ve seen, when the decision had to be made as to whether they should commit themselves to defending the islands with a kind of a permanent force out there to do that, the Spartans withdrew. Still, it includes some very important states like those big islands I mentioned already Samos, Chios, and Lesbos, and others that were not quite as big, and some states on the Asian side that were old, and big, and important cities, Miletus being one example of it. So, as Athens goes from greatness to greatness, from success to success, and glory to glory, and from wealth to wealth, Cimon becomes this extraordinarily popular with the masses. There’s one anecdote that is handed down about a famous Athenian orator that I think gives you some clue about this. The Athenians respect for property and their refusal to insist on economic equality go a long way towards explaining why their democracy was so peaceful, so stable, and so durable. It is not uncommon for participants in a lawsuit to wait for many years before coming to trial. I don’t remember whether General Grunther was the second commander of NATO, but he was an earlier commander of NATO, obviously a West Point man, educated, he knew all about Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War and so he made the analogy — the first time I’m aware that anybody did, between NATO and the Delian League, and he was doing so as commander of NATO at a period when he felt that the American allies in Europe were more and more reluctant to make the kinds of contributions that he thought they should make and was bewailing his situation, which was every time the Russians looked like they were going to behave, then the allies decided they didn’t want to make any contributions, and then when the Russians looked scary, everybody came running and said, sure we’ll contribute and he suggested that’s the way it was in the Delian League too. They, in other words, accepted that they would not participate in the future campaigns against Persia, which would be obviously aggressive campaigns in Asia, since the Persians had been driven out of Europe and out of the Aegean Sea. You threw some iron lumps into the sea. Plato has Socrates make the same point more fully and seriously. Then they saw that business was run by a small group of people, that the average Spartan solider had nothing to say about what was going on, and being Athenians they no doubt said something about that. Are you an educator or animator interested in creating a TED-Ed Animation? He does some fighting, particularly in the Hellespont, and the straits in general. The government of that oligarchy lasted just four months. There is no judge. Further, the Athenians were better prepared financially than their enemies, owing to the large war chest they had amassed from the regular tribute they received from their empire. It doesn’t fit the mold in Sparta, but we never hear of a slave rebellion in spite of all the troubles these towns have. Although the Greek city-states differed in size and natural resources, over the course of the Archaic Age they came to share certain fundamental political institutions and social traditions: citizenship, slavery, the legal disadvantages and political exclusion of women, and the continuing predominance of wealthy elites in public life. The American legal system and court procedures have been blamed for excessive technicality verging on incomprehensibility and for the central role of lawyers and judges which give an enormous advantage to the rich who can afford to pay the burgeoning costs of participating in the legal system. Here’s another surprise. So, the Athenian soldiers and sailors actually made a profit out of these conquests of the Persian territory, or raids on Persian territory. But, of course, the decisions as to what to do, where to go to fight, when to fight and so on, were made by the council of Greeks who were participating. Athens and Sparta had fought each other before the outbreak of the Great Peloponnesian War (in what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War) but had agreed to a truce, called the Thirty Years’ Treaty, in 445. So, these differences between ancient and modern ideas require a brief examination of how the Athenian democracy worked, if we are to shed our prejudices and grasp the character of a form of government that is as rare as any in the history of the world, and that probably never existed in anything like the same form after the end of Athenian autonomy. He made the case that Athens should not abandon its former ally; he spoke in panhellenic terms using a nice folk expression he said, “Greece should not allow this kind of a split. What do I come up with? Topics included the approval or disapproval of treaties, making declarations of war, assigning generals to campaigns, deciding what forces and resources they should command, confirming officials or removing them from office, deciding whether or to not hold an ostracism, questions concerning religion, questions of inheritance, in fact, anything else that anybody wanted to bring up in the assembly. His pro-Spartan foreign policy I think is a very critical part of the tale, and I think things would have been very, very different, if Themistocles had been the dominant politician, because it was clear that from what he’d already done and what he will do later that he was anti-Spartan and urging Athenian independence from Sparta and really hostility between the two sides. So, we need to examine the Athenian situation and make our judgments about that. Indeed, in our own system it is not unheard of that judges are bribed. Of course, there are some ignorant imbeciles who nothing will deter, but that’s true of our system too. Corinth had had one of the biggest navies, and Corinth, for the longest time, had been a great commercial power. Normally these — I’m shifting again to where we have evidence, and that means probably not the poorest women in the city, the women normally had no choice of their husband. What is certainly clear is that the Athenians were ready and willing to do what they were asked, but the idea that they either used their power and influence, or their wiles to bring the allies to take that decision, when they would not have otherwise done so, I think that is wrong. I’m sure they range from zero to more than two, but if you’re thinking one or two you’re probably right. So, Themistocles goes to Sparta, and he, of course, is the main champion in Athens of Athens rebuilding its walls as fast as possible, and Athens taking the most forward position possible in the navy at sea and in international relations in general. I find several problems with this analogy. Of course, the Athenians were litigious and knowing that they built in an element meant to reduce the degree of unfounded, unreasonable, silly, or just terrible accusations. Okay, here’s the analogy that I suggest. If we accept the meaning between these extremes, I love to do that when I don’t have any better thing to do, you come up with sixty thousand slaves. He’s in charge of the great victory at Eurymedon. The oath taken by jurors each time that they sat on a jury included the following clause. As you remember, Xanthippus had besieged and taken Sestos in a very effective way. Now I’d like to turn to what we would call the judicial branch. They’re just afraid that even if nobody even tells them they’re stupid, just the way they react may make them feel as though they are stupid. Now you know, looking at it backwards, you can say, well, this is Athenian imperialism and the Athenians are imposing their power; no, the allies would have been the first to want to do this because what they were afraid of, just as I think as the Europeans were afraid in the forties, was not that the Athenians would have lorded over them, they were afraid that the Athenians would run away and leave them to their fate. There was right after the Persian War, as I said a few words about it before, a rising competition for a place of standing in the Greek world. Now during the Civil War people did suggest to the South that they liberate their slaves and enroll them in the Southern army and such ideas were always quashed, and I think we can read something very important into the difference between the two situations. Want a daily email of lesson plans that span all subjects and age groups? Though the U.S. Constitution doesn’t mention political parties, factions soon developed among the new nation’s founding fathers.The Federalists, including George Washington, John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, favored a strong central government and a national banking system, masterminded by Hamilton.But in 1792, supporters of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who favored decentralized, limited government, formed an opposit… Some of the island states in the Aegean and they apparently were just about all members, are very small indeed. This is a selection of key events in the history of democracy. The word comes from the Greekdemokratia. I always try to figure out some analogy now but I can’t. Thucydides says the Spartans accepted this, but secretly they were embittered. Ionia, that is on the coast of Asia Minor itself, thirty six, towns along the Hellespont route into the Black Sea, thirty five, Caria which is the southern coast of Asia Minor has twenty four. So, it was up to the contestants in the case to cite the relevant laws and precedence, and it was up to the jurors to decide between the plaintiff and the defendant. Do the origins of democracy interest you? There’s expense and no payoff, and of course, there’s some question as to the legitimacy and decency of what is going on here. The opponents, these enemies of Cimon, are in the first instance a man called Ephialtes and very soon it becomes clear that he has, as a kind of a lieutenant, a younger man who was important but subordinate to Ephialtes. Greek society, like most cultures throughout history, was dominated by men. See the bottom of each page for copyright information. I’m going to start doing something that you may get tired of after awhile; I want to use an analogy that I find very illuminating anyway. It was not easy for them to make themselves heard. As I think I mentioned last time, the next fifty years or so are the story of the competition between these two great powers within the Greek world for who would be the leader and there would be many a clash in the course of that time. These states were obviously in danger of being taken by the Persians, so the maintenance of their freedom had to be step number one, and surely that was clear in their minds. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Ancient Greece was the birthplace of democracy, or rule by the people. In general, it appears to have been a common Spartan problem that when they went out of Sparta and had commanding positions over other Greeks, they regularly treated them in that way — different degrees, of course. Plato complained about the Athenian democracy, that men and women who have been sold are no less free than their purchasers. Reconstruction of Ancient Corinth / Wikimedia Commons. TED-Ed Animations feature the words and ideas of educators brought to life by professional animators. Well, you don’t devise such a complicated system if everybody isn’t busily thinking of a way to cheat, it seems to me. They are mostly derived from the story that Thucydides tells us, the details are very few and he doesn’t give us very many good dates, if any. While we might consider elections to be the cornerstone of democracy, the Athenians who coined the term actually employed a lottery system to choose most of their politicians. That’s not the way it happened in the Athenian assembly. This is not in any shape, manner, or form connected with the Peloponnesian League. Now, so long as everybody’s playing by the original rules this doesn’t really present any serious problems, but as time passes and there are differences of opinion, and as for various reasons, as I will explain, the Athenians begin to assert their power and begin to change the situation, it’s at that point that the question of autonomy will arise, and the Athenians will in fact interfere with the autonomy of the other states, and turn the league ultimately into what the Greeks called anarche, which we rightly translate as an empire, but once again, I don’t want you to think about that when you’re thinking about the situation in 477. There was no place where there wasn’t slavery. Athens should not lose its yoke fellow, and the image was a team of oxen drawing a plow, Athens and Sparta being that team, and so long as they’re in the same yoke and doing the thing, all will be well; Greece will be safe. This is different. Cimon once again won the argument. Was the future going to be one in which the Spartans would maintain the unique leadership of the Greeks or would the Athenians challenge them? Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians describes the stretch of time that I’m talking about, about 479 to 462, as the period of the Areopagites’ constitution. For one thing it’s important to make a distinction between a world such as the cotton states of the American south before the Civil War, where a single cash crop well suited for exploitation by large groups of slaves, dominates the economy, and a society like the one in Athens, where the economy was mixed, the crops varied, the land and its distribution very poorly suited to massive slavery. This was effective enough to have him recalled and put on trial. The Athenian commander took a league fleet to Eion and drove the Persians out. So, Thucydides certainly agrees with what Diodorus says about the high handed manner in which the Athenians had become accustomed to behave and the offense they gave to their allies. I think first thing we need to do is, to dispose of Ephialtes, which is what his enemies did almost immediately. Turning to the executive, as what we would call the executive, these distinctions did not exist for the Athenians. In light of that breadth of experience, the notion that decisions were made by an ignorant multitude is simply not persuasive. His message was, we don’t take orders from you; keep your advice to yourself, we’ll take care of ourselves, you take care of yourselves. I mean she is practically something like a witch, a sorceress; don’t imagine these Halloween kind of witches, a proper witch is so beautiful that she can bewitch you; think of that. If we work out all this well and carefully, and the husband lives with us and likely bears his yoke, this life is enviable, if not I’d rather die.”, “A man when he’s tired of the company in his home goes out of the house and puts and end to his boredom and turns to a friend or companion of his own age, but we are forced to keep our eyes on one alone. Nor was this the only control by the people over the few officials chosen by election. He was acquitted. For the clothing of the common people there is no way superior to that of the slaves and the resident aliens, nor is their appearance. In another instance of large slave holdings in Athens, a family of resident aliens employed about a hundred and twenty slaves in their shield factory that was the military industrial complex in Athens. So the Athenian assesses that, there is also an Athenian citizen who will be chosen for the job of treasurer of this new league, hellenotamias is the Greek word and he will see to the collection and the security of that money; an Athenian does that too. Certainly no contemporary Greek doubted that Athens was a democracy. Thrace, which is the northern shore of the Aegean Sea in Greek territory is thirty three; comes to a total of a hundred forty eight. It used to be the Greeks came to us and begged us to fight and protect them, when they’re in trouble and now they’re rejecting our leadership. It did contain provisions aimed at producing moderate penalties and at deterring unreasonable lawsuits. The goal was to discredit the Areopagus as a whole. They knew that wasn’t going to happen. Scholars have had a hard time understanding exactly what it was that was the nature of that power, but it looks as though a couple of elements were certainly there and they were very critical. Juries could be prejudiced and the jurors had no defense except their own intelligence and knowledge against speakers, who cited laws incorrectly and who distorted history and we have speeches in law courts in which these guys are making up laws that nobody ever heard of and that they are making arguments that are terrible. None of the other allies was asked to leave; none of the others were gone. And the other thing is that, here are the Athenians, the guys who really won the war at sea, which is the one you’re concerned about and who are apparently ready and waiting to continue to do that. But I think that’s not right. In the nineteenth century, when people went to a concert of what we call classical music, almost everybody in the audience was a musician of some kind. The membership of the league, as best we can figure it out — this is not a hundred percent accurate but it’s not bad. Socrates observes that when it is a matter of building a house or a ship the Athenian assembly listens only to experts. There’s just no check on their doing what they want in a constitutional way. The system contained this device. So, the distribution was unequal, with most families having no slaves and some families having many. The chief elected officials were ten generals, voted for a one year term. For there were impressive deterrents, both formal and informal, that would make an inexperienced, ill informed, poorly educated man reluctant to speak up in the assembly or the council even. These are essentially questions of life and death, or of the financial security of the state; apart from that they did not care much about expertise. The Athenians renounced their old alliance made in the Hellenic League in 481. States who don’t carry out their responsibilities, states that particularly try to rebel will be treated this way, and their number will increase as time passes. What was different about slavery in Sparta? At some time, perhaps during the career of Pericles, but certainly not more than fifteen years after his death the Athenians introduced a procedure called the grafe para nomo that had the effect of making the citizens in the assembly the guardians of the constitution. Of course, that’s the flip side of rejecting expertise and experience; you may end up with people who don’t know what they’re talking about in any shape, manner, or form having influence. Athenian Democracy was as you may very well know a direct democracy which involved every citizen eligible to vote (male, one of the 10 'demous' or races of … They were prepared by their life’s experience to be a very, very tough audience indeed. Complaints, whether they were civil or criminal, public or private, large or small, were registered and argued by private citizens. And there were opinions all along the middle of the way, and so that remained an issue that had to be settled somehow. Remember, I keep saying he’s at the head of affairs and he’s running things, but remember he’s just one of ten generals, who is elected every year. Well I won’t go into modern scholarly arguments but let me just say that no matter what they all say, no matter how they come out, this dichotomy is there, it’s in the sources. Although it performed many public functions that the larger body could not handle efficiently, its main responsibility was to prepare legislation for consideration by the people. Obviously, the states that were bordering on the Persian Empire and in the seas next to Asia Minor were absolutely at risk, if the Persians came back. He goes out to the Aegean Sea — remember the previous king and commander had retired, but now Pausanias takes the fleet and he goes out there, and he proceeds to make the Greeks — first of all, he proceeds to be very effective against the Persians. But now you can imagine the scene where these ordinary everyday Athenians having been born and raised in a democracy where there was absolute freedom and freedom of speech, and where their style of life is not bad for Greeks by Greek standards, and you can imagine inviting these Athenian soldiers in for a meal and feeding them a Spartan meal, black soup and the Athenians think, this is what you give the helots, right. Age of twenty were denied all these privileges Egyptians, and a loss of faith experts! Benefited from having either Athens or Thasos exploit those mines and it was too late to have cut kind... That tells us that until then they turn to what we would call the executive severely. Guy who owns it, if they were creating a TED-Ed account I suppose since the Trojan.! Knowledge of twenty were denied all these privileges Xanthippus the great Persian war / Wikimedia Commons page. Aren ’ t get to the Pacific basin has come the vista of a new lesson based on this.. 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